Final answer:
Different schools of therapy describe emotional stress as a result of unconscious conflicts, lack of self-actualization, and distorted thoughts.
Step-by-step explanation:
Emotional stress is described differently by the different schools of therapy:
- Psychodynamic therapy focuses on unconscious conflicts. According to this approach, emotional stress arises from unresolved conflicts and repressed memories in the unconscious mind.
- Humanistic therapy emphasizes self-actualization. It views emotional stress as a result of being out of touch with one's true self and potential.
- Cognitive-Behavioral therapy examines distorted thoughts. It suggests that emotional stress is caused by negative thinking patterns and irrational beliefs.
Therefore, the correct answer is d. All of the above.