Final answer:
Highly deprived areas such as Toxteth, Anfield, and Tower Hamlets, typically found in inner-city areas, are characterized by higher poverty and challenging living conditions. In the context of urbanization models, wealthier populations move to the suburbs, while poorer populations often reside near industrial zones within the city. This pattern contributes to spatial segregation and varying living standards between urban and suburban areas.
Step-by-step explanation:
Highly deprived areas like Toxteth and Anfield in Liverpool or Tower Hamlets in London tend to be found in inner-city areas. These locations are typically characterized by higher levels of poverty, with environmental and social challenges such as noise, pollution, and densely packed housing. According to urban models such as the concentric zone model and the sector model, wealthier populations often relocate to the suburbs or areas flanking significant transport routes, leaving the inner-city zones with deteriorating infrastructure for those who cannot afford to move to more desirable districts.
In regions like North American cities, the urban poor often live near the central business district (CBD) in the inner city. This is contrasted with Latin American cities, where the poor tend to live in the far suburbs with minimal city services. In cities like Chicago, the elite residential zones are found along grand boulevards or favorable geographic locations like waterfronts, while industrial corridors house the working poor. This setup can lead to spatial segregation and areas of concentrated poverty, which are sometimes associated with environmental racism or classism.
The term suburbanization describes the movement of middle-class populations to the outskirts of the city, which usually offer better living conditions and less pollution. However, the poorer populations often remain in inner-city areas or zones of transition, near industrial zones, where living conditions can be challenging. Over time, with the decay of inner cities and the expansion of suburbs, a clear divide in living standards and quality of life between urban and suburban areas has developed.