Question

When people think of themselves as members of an ingroup and think of others as members of an outgroup, they tend to

see members of the ingroup as being very similar to one another while seeing members of the outgroup as individuals.
see negative behavior performed by an ingroup member as being caused by situational factors but see the same behaviors performed by an outgroup member as being caused by internal factors (such as personality/character).
discriminate in favor of outgroup members.
see positive behavior performed by an ingroup member as being caused by situational factors but see the same behaviors performed by an outgroup member as being caused by internal factors (such as personality/character).

Answer 1

When people view themselves as part of an in-group, they often attribute negative behaviors of other in-group members to situational factors, while attributing the same behaviors of out-group members to personality or character, known as the fundamental attribution error.

Step-by-step explanation:

When people see themselves as members of an in-group and others as members of an out-group, they tend to exhibit certain biases in their perceptions and judgments. Specifically, they might see negative behavior by an in-group member as being more influenced by situational factors,

while interpreting the same behaviors in out-group members as reflective of their internal factors, like personality or character. Conversely, positive behavior by an in-group member might also be attributed to internal factors, revealing a pattern known as the fundamental attribution error.

This cognitive bias can lead to a cycle of stereotypes and discrimination, reinforcing the division between in-groups and out-groups and potentially resulting in prejudice and unfair treatment based on race, culture, sex, age, or sexuality.