Final answer:
The Transcendentalists rebelled against the Enlightenment philosophy and its focus on scientific rationalism, seeking instead to reach a deeper, spiritual understanding and connection with the universe. Therefore, the correct answer is C. Enlightenment philosophy.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Transcendentalists were rebelling against the Enlightenment philosophy and, more specifically, its component of scientific rationalism. This movement embraced individualism and the inherent goodness of both mankind and nature. By focusing on personal intuition and the spiritual relationship between the individual and the universe, Transcendentalists rejected the Enlightenment emphasis on empirical evidence and logical reasoning.
It's important to note that while Romanticism was a revolt against the Enlightenment as well, the Transcendentalists were not rebelling against Romanticism. Instead, Transcendentalism was partly inspired by Romantic ideals, as it also valued emotions and the individual's connection with nature. The movement sought to transcend the limitations of rational thought and instead aspired to achieve a mystical union with the natural world.
Therefore, the correct answer is C. Enlightenment philosophy.