Final answer:
The question deals with congenital heart defects such as patent ductus arteriosus and Tetralogy of Fallot, which present with various symptoms including distinct heart murmurs and dyspnea, and are treated surgically or medically depending on severity.
Step-by-step explanation:
Congenital Heart Defects
The student's question relates to congenital heart defects, specifically patent ductus arteriosus and Tetralogy of Fallot. These conditions are characterized by abnormal openings and blood flow patterns in the heart, leading to various clinical manifestations including distinct heart murmurs, difficulty in breathing (dyspnea), and in cases of Tetralogy of Fallot, cyanosis after birth. The Qp/Qs ratio mentioned refers to the pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio, where a ratio greater than 2:1 indicates a significant left-to-right shunt, typically due to a congenital heart defect. A louder heart murmur often signifies a small defect, which has a higher chance of spontaneous closure, especially when it is membranous.
Key symptoms and treatments for these conditions were outlined. Patent ductus arteriosus may result in increased pulmonary pressure due to the failure of the ductus arteriosus to close, while Tetralogy of Fallot is characterized by four specific heart malformations leading to a mixing of oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood. Treatments may include surgical interventions or use of certain medications, and early detection through auscultation is crucial for effective management of these conditions.