Final answer:
Epiglottitis is a severe infection often caused by H. influenzae type b in unimmunized individuals that requires immediate intubation and treatment with antibiotics. Strep throat, caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, can be treated with amoxicillin or penicillin G. Vaccination against H. influenzae type b is crucial in preventing serious diseases like epiglottitis and meningitis in young children.
Step-by-step explanation:
Epiglottitis and Respiratory Infections
Epiglottitis is a potentially life-threatening condition characterized by inflammation of the epiglottis, which can block the flow of air into the lungs. It can be caused by various bacteria, including H. influenzae type b in unimmunized individuals, Strep pyogenes, Strep pneumonia, and Staphylococcus. One of the classic signs on a lateral neck radiograph is the "thumbprint sign," suggesting swelling of the epiglottis. Immediate intubation, preferably in the operating room (OR), is critical for managing the patient's airway. Treatment typically includes anti-Staphylococcal antibiotics in combination with a third-generation cephalosporin.
Pharyngitis, more commonly known as strep throat, is a type of bacterial upper respiratory infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. The bacteria can be transmitted via direct contact or droplet transmission and is known for its rapid onset of fever and sore throat. Diagnosis is generally by rapid enzyme immunoassay or more definitively by throat culture, and prescribed antibiotics include oral amoxicillin or intramuscular penicillin G.
The use of the Hib vaccine has dramatically reduced the incidence of H. influenzae type b infections, which were once a common cause of meningitis in young children. The vaccine is typically administered at 2, 4, and 6 months of age, with a booster at 12 to 15 months to help prevent serious diseases, such as epiglottitis and meningitis.