Final answer:
The correct answer is A. Attribution theory is closely associated with Transformational leadership, which contrasts with transactional leadership by focusing on leaders who inspire and motivate followers through their own attitudes and behaviors, rather than through rewards and punishments.
Step-by-step explanation:
Attribution theory is a key aspect of transformational leadership, a style where leaders are not only managers but also role models, inspiring, intellectually stimulating, and considerate individuals. Bernard M. Bass and colleagues defined this leadership approach, contrasting it with the more transaction-oriented and less dynamic style of transactional leadership. Studies, such as those by Eagly et al. (2003), suggest that transformational leadership methods are more effective than transactional ones.
In particular, charismatic leaders, who are typically transformational, are characterized by their ability to gather devotion and loyalty from followers due to perceived extraordinary qualities, an aspect thoroughly discussed in Robert J. House's works on charismatic leadership. These leaders tend to emerge in times of crisis, bringing order and a vision for the future, often building strong personal followings in the process.