Final answer:
Confirmation bias involves favoring information that aligns with one's existing beliefs, demonstrated by Wason's number sequence experiment. Anchoring bias occurs when initial information overly influences subsequent judgments, as shown in Tversky and Kahneman's study. The Bradley effect exemplifies social desirability bias in polling situations.
Step-by-step explanation:
Understanding Confirmation Bias and Related Concepts
Confirmation bias is a psychological phenomenon where individuals have a tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms their preexisting beliefs and hypotheses. A well-known experiment by Peter Wason in 1960 demonstrated this by showing how subjects would only seek examples that supported their initial hypotheses about a number sequence, rather than looking for information that could disprove it.
Another related concept is anchoring bias, which is the tendency to rely on initial information, such as a number or value, when making subsequent judgments or estimates. Tversky and Kahneman's experiment highlighted this by showing how people's estimates were influenced by a random number generated by a wheel of fortune.
The Bradley effect and social desirability bias are important in understanding response bias in polling situations, where individuals may not express their true voting intentions due to fear of being perceived as politically incorrect.