Final answer:
Civilization refers to advanced societies with cities, agriculture, governance, and cultural development, but its definition has historically been ethnocentric. Current interpretations are more neutral, recognizing the role of foundational technologies and social hierarchies. Western civilization is a contested idea, rooted in Greek, European, and American historical and cultural influences.
Step-by-step explanation:
The notion of civilization is complex and multifaceted, encompassing elements such as societal structure, technological progress, and culture. A civilization typically refers to a society marked by urban developments including cities, and is often characterized by foundational technologies such as agriculture, a high degree of social specialization, and cultural sophistication. Furthermore, civilizations are distinguished by their governance systems, innovations, and often a complex social hierarchy, as seen in archaeological findings like those at Catal Huyuk.
Historically, the term has carried connotations of cultural superiority, creating a dichotomy between 'civilized' and 'barbaric' societies. Nonetheless, modern scholarship seeks a more value-neutral definition, acknowledging the ethnocentric biases of the past. The rise of civilizations is closely intertwined with the Neolithic Revolution, as communities transitioned from nomadic lifestyles to settled agricultural practices.
Lastly, the concept of Western civilization is debated, encapsulating the historical, cultural, and philosophical development originating from ancient Greece, extending through Europe, and influencing the Americas. It is shaped by Greek philosophy, Judeo-Christian values, and Enlightenment ideals, contrasting with Eastern civilizations' diverse traditions and spiritual perspectives.