Final answer:
Lower caste citizens demonstrate in India primarily through social movements and political participation, including forming their own political parties and engaging in protests. The fight against caste-based discrimination has also seen some turning to legal action to ensure the enforcement of affirmative action laws and conversions to religions that reject the caste system.
Step-by-step explanation:
Two ways that lower caste citizens demonstrate in India are through social movements and political participation. Despite the caste system being officially illegal, the residual presence of caste-based discrimination remains, especially in rural areas. Lower caste individuals, such as the Dalits, have historically faced severe social and economic disadvantages. To fight against such inequalities, lower caste citizens have embraced methods such as forming and joining political parties focused on the upliftment of their communities and protesting for equal rights and opportunities.
Moreover, they have also engaged in legal actions to enforce laws and policies aimed at affirmative action, which were implemented by the Indian government to provide them with representation in public offices and certain employment benefits. In addition, conversions to religions like Christianity, Buddhism, or Islam, which do not adhere to the caste system, have been another form of demonstration, as these conversions sometimes allow for an escape from traditional caste restrictions.
Education and industrialization have helped in reducing the influence of the caste system in some areas, while in other regions, traditionalists have opposed such change. Nonetheless, the struggle for equality continues as lower caste citizens strive for a society that values merit and individual capabilities over inherited status.