Final answer:
Well-defined industries are not an impact from colonialism in Africa as the colonial period led to the poor development of industries. The other impacts listed, such as small-sized states, lack of transportation networks, and dual or triple heritages, all accurately represent the consequences of colonialism.
Step-by-step explanation:
Among the impacts of colonialism in Africa, the correct options that represent these impacts include: a. Small-sized and landlocked states, c. Lack of extensive transportation network, and d. Dual or triple heritages. However, b. Well-defined Industries is not an impact from colonialism in Africa as industries were poorly developed during the colonial period. European colonialism focused on extracting resources through a transportation network designed to connect the interior with port cities for resource exportation, leading to poorly integrated regional transportation systems.
European powers at the Berlin Conference established borders based on resource extraction rather than the existing Indigenous territories and political influences, which has led to ongoing turmoil. The objective of colonialism was to economically benefit the home country, which often came at the detriment of Africa's internal connectivity and economic development.
The expropriation of land and resources, exploitation of labor, and the establishment of authoritarian governance structures have left a lasting legacy of corruption, ethnic conflicts, and economic challenges. Most of these impacts are still visible today, with African countries having to navigate the effects of poorly defined industries and the other legacies of colonial rule.