Final answer:
Protein synthesis during translation involves mRNA attaching to the ribosome, tRNA molecules bringing amino acids and matching their anticodons with mRNA codons, and the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids to produce a protein chain until a stop codon is reached.
Step-by-step explanation:
The process of translating the information from mRNA to synthesize proteins involves several critical steps. Firstly, mRNA attaches to the ribosome, positioning itself between the ribosome's small and large subunits to be read. Secondly, during protein synthesis, amino acids are transported to the ribosome by tRNA molecules. Each tRNA has an anticodon that is complementary to an mRNA codon, allowing codons and anticodons to match up through base pairing. As this matching occurs, peptide bonds form between adjacent amino acids, sequentially building the polypeptide chain. Last but not least, the elongation of the protein continues until the ribosome encounters a stop codon, signaling the end of translation and releasing the newly formed protein.
Throughout this process, enzymes play a vital role. Notably, peptidyl transferase, part of the ribosome's enzymatic activity, catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds, facilitating the growth of the polypeptide chain. These steps ensure that proteins are synthesized accurately, reflecting the genetic instructions carried by mRNA.