Final answer:
The Sadducees, an influential Jewish sect during the Second Temple period, did not believe in the resurrection of the dead or in an afterlife, unlike their contemporaries in the Pharisee sect.
Step-by-step explanation:
The group of Jews that did not believe in the resurrection of the dead or in an afterlife of any kind were the Sadducees. The Sadducees were a sect of Judaism that emerged in the Second Temple period and consisted mainly of the high priesthood and wealthier members of society. They held a conservative approach to religious practice and scripture, adhering strictly to the written law (the Torah) and rejecting oral tradition and the Prophets. The Pharisees, their main religious opponents, believed in resurrection and in a more expansive interpretation of the law that included oral traditions. Unlike the Pharisees, the Sadducees did not believe in postmortem rewards or punishments, reflecting a significant doctrinal difference between the two groups.