Final answer:
The research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions is experimental research. Experimental research involves manipulation of an independent variable to assess its effects on a dependent variable in a controlled setting. This allows researchers to establish a cause and effect relationship.
Step-by-step explanation:
The research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions is known as experimental research. This experiment type of scientific investigation is carried out in an environment where variables can be manipulated and controlled to observe their effects on other variables. In an experimental study, researchers typically change one variable (the independent variable) to see the impact on another variable (the dependent variable).
For example, a sociological lab-based experiment might involve creating artificial situations to manipulate variables and test if-then causal statements. Random assignment of subjects to different groups is essential to minimize bias and establish a clearer causal relationship. By comparison, observational studies and case studies may rely on qualitative research or naturally occurring events without direct manipulation of variables, which doesn't provide the same level of evidence for cause and effect.
An example of experimental research in action is a study in which researchers investigate the effect of aspirin on heart attack risk. By randomly assigning participants to take either aspirin or a placebo, and measuring the outcomes over a period, researchers can draw conclusions about the causal relationship between aspirin intake and heart attack incidence.