Final answer:
Command-and-control policies are a type of environmental regulation that sets specific limits on pollution emissions and requires firms to use specific pollution-control technologies. However, these policies have shortcomings and may not be favored by environmentalists. A different approach, using market-oriented tools, is often preferred.
Step-by-step explanation:
Command-and-control policies are a type of environmental regulation that sets specific limits on pollution emissions and requires firms to use specific pollution-control technologies. These policies have three shortcomings: they provide no incentive for going beyond the set limits, offer limited flexibility in reducing pollution, and often have politically-motivated loopholes. Environmentalists may have mixed opinions on these policies as they question their effectiveness and prefer market-oriented tools instead.