Final answer:
Strong Muslim sultanates emerged during different periods in history, such as the Mamluk dynasty in the thirteenth century and the Delhi Sultanate from the twelfth to sixteenth centuries.
Step-by-step explanation:
Strong Muslim sultanates emerged during different periods in history. One example is the rise of the Mamluk dynasty in the thirteenth century. The Mamluks were initially mercenaries used in struggles by descendants of Salah al-Din. They eventually established their own dynasty and ruled over Egypt and Syria for several centuries, becoming a prominent center of Muslim intellectual culture. Another example is the Delhi Sultanate, which dominated much of northern India between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries. This Muslim state successfully defended itself against the Mongols and had a significant impact on the region.