Final answer:
Marie Curie was the first woman to teach at the Sorbonne and the author of a 1910 treatise on radioactivity. She coined the term radioactivity and was awarded two Nobel Prizes for her work.
Step-by-step explanation:
The first woman to teach at the Sorbonne and who published a treatise on radioactivity in 1910 was Marie Curie. Marie Curie was a pioneering scientist who made significant contributions to the understanding of radioactivity, a term that she first coined. She isolated two new radioactive elements, polonium, and radium, and her relentless research earned her two Nobel Prizes in different scientific fields: Physics in 1903, which she shared with her husband Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel, and Chemistry in 1911 for her discovery of these elements. Her work not only changed the course of science but also paved the way for women in the scientific community.