Final answer:
Xavier Alvarez won the Supreme Court case United States v. Alvarez, which ruled that the Stolen Valor Act of 2005 violated the First Amendment by criminalizing false statements about receiving military decorations or medals.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the case of United States v. Alvarez, 567 U.S. 709 (2012), the winner was B) Xavier Alvarez. The Supreme Court case addressed the Stolen Valor Act of 2005, which made it a criminal offense to falsely claim having received military decorations or medals. Xavier Alvarez had lied about receiving the Congressional Medal of Honor and was charged under this act. In a 6-3 decision, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of Alvarez, concluding that the Stolen Valor Act violated the First Amendment free speech rights.
This ruling was significant as it protected individuals' rights to speech, even when that speech is false, as long as it does not immediately harm others or pose a threat to national security. The case highlights the meticulous balance the Supreme Court often has to strike between legislating morality and upholding constitutional freedoms.