Final answer:
In 411 B.C., Athens established an oligarchy, which is a form of government where power is held by a small group of individuals. This did not last long, failing to maintain effective governance and was soon replaced.
Step-by-step explanation:
The second type of constitution established in Athens in 411 B.C. was an oligarchy. This form of government did not last long, as it was a response to the challenges faced by the Athenian democracy during the Peloponnesian War. Unlike a democracy, which allowed all male citizens to have a say in government, oligarchy restricted power to a small group of individuals. The oligarchs ruled with the intent of serving their own interests rather than those of the entire community .In the context of ancient Athens, an oligarchy denotes a centralized power structure, controlled by a select few, looking to gain advantage for themselves. It differed significantly from other forms of government such as tyranny, monarchy, and democracy. Moreover, it was meant as a temporary shift from democracy, which had been flourishing in Athens since its more inclusive reforms in the fifth century BCE. However, the oligarchic government did not succeed in its attempts to govern effectively and was eventually replaced.