Final answer:
The two main problems that can affect the objectivity of observations in research are observer bias and measurement uncertainty. Observer bias involves researchers projecting their expectations onto their observations, while measurement uncertainty includes factors like equipment limitations and observer skill. Strategies like establishing clear criteria and utilizing tools like inter-rater reliability can help minimize these issues.
Step-by-step explanation:
Observations in research are crucial for drawing objective conclusions, but they can be plagued by two major problems: observer bias and the factors that contribute to measurement uncertainty. Observer bias occurs when researchers unconsciously skew their observations to fit their hypotheses or expectations. To mitigate this bias, researchers should establish clear criteria for recording and classifying behaviors and may utilize inter-rater reliability, where multiple observers compare observations to assess consistency.
The second set of problems relates to measurement uncertainty, which can include limitations of the measuring device, the skill of the person making the measurement, irregularities in the object being measured, and other situational factors that affect outcomes. Each of these can introduce errors or variances in data, leading to less objective results. Particularly in the context of the scientific method, questions that rely on subjective judgment cannot be tested effectively. However, concrete questions that can be measured or observed can be scrutinized using scientific methods to increase objectivity.