Final answer:
Scientists differentiate meteorites from terrestrial materials by examining features like fusion crusts, regmaglypts, specific metal concentrations, chondrules, unusual isotopic ratios, mineral composition, density, and magnetic properties.
Step-by-step explanation:
Scientists use several methods to distinguish a meteorite from terrestrial materials. One major indicator is the presence of a fusion crust, which is a thin, glassy surface layer formed as the meteorite burns through the Earth's atmosphere. Another distinctive feature is the presence of regmaglypts or thumbprints, which are indentations on the surface of the meteorite created by atmospheric ablation. Additionally, meteorites often contain a high concentration of certain metals like iron and nickel that are rarely found in Earth rocks in such quantities. A substantial indicator of extraterrestrial origin is the presence of chondrules, which are small, round particles typically found in chondrites, one of the most common types of meteorites.
To confirm a suspected meteorite, scientists perform detailed laboratory analyses such as measuring isotopic ratios that are not normally found in terrestrial rocks. Another essential tool is the examination of mineral composition through microscopy or X-ray diffraction, revealing minerals that are unique or uncommon on Earth. Lastly, scientists consider the density and magnetic properties, as meteorites tend to be denser and more magnetic than most Earth rocks.