Final answer:
Diagnosing CMV in HIV patients involves microscopic evaluation of tissue stains or more sensitive PCR. Treatment for severe CMV infections includes antiviral drugs such as ganciclovir and valganciclovir, with ART managing HIV to reduce opportunistic infections.
Step-by-step explanation:
Diagnosis and Treatment of CMV in HIV Patients
In HIV-positive patients, Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections can become severe due to the compromised immune system. The diagnosis of CMV typically involves direct microscopic evaluation of tissue specimens. These specimens are stained with routine stains revealing cells with characteristic 'owl's eye' appearance, suggesting a localized CMV infection. Immunohistochemical stains may also be used. For more advanced cases, molecular methods such as PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) offer higher sensitivity in detecting CMV DNA and determining viral load.
When it comes to treatment, first-line antiviral therapies include ganciclovir, valganciclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir. These drugs are crucial in managing serious CMV infections, especially in HIV patients who are at higher risk of complications from the infection. Managing HIV itself typically involves antiretroviral therapy (ART), which can help restore immune function and reduce the likelihood or severity of opportunistic infections like CMV.