Final answer:
The worth of explanatory theories in science is judged by their accuracy, level of empirical verification, ability to withstand testing, and consistency with other theories and data, with extraordinary claims requiring extraordinary evidence.
Step-by-step explanation:
The standards used to judge the worth of explanatory theories in science are based on several key principles. A theory is a well-substantiated, comprehensive, testable explanation for observed phenomena. The validity of a theory is judged by the accuracy of its predictions and the extent to which it can be verified through empirical testing. Researchers look for a consistency between the theory's predictions and actual observations or experimental results. Theories should be able to withstand rigorous testing and should align with other current theories and data. In science, extraordinary claims would require extraordinary evidence, emphasizing that the more a theory challenges existing knowledge, the more evidence it requires to be credible.
Skeptical scrutiny is the means, in both science and religion, by which deep thoughts can be winnowed from deep nonsense. Carl Sagan once stated that 'Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.'