Final answer:
The belief that effective leadership behaviors are dependent on the situation is defined by the d) Contingency Theory about Effective Behaviors. This theory considers the situational context rather than fixed traits or behaviors as the determining factor for good leadership.
Step-by-step explanation:
The belief that the behaviors that make a good leader depend on the situation is known as d) Contingency Theory about Effective Behaviors. This theory posits that there is no one best way to lead in all circumstances, and that the effectiveness of leadership methods depends on the context and the specific challenges faced in a given situation. Leadership theories have evolved over time, and contingency theories represent a shift from the belief that certain universal traits or behaviors define effective leadership. They instead acknowledge the complexity and variability of leadership requirements based on situational factors.
Regarding the other concepts mentioned, actor-observer bias suggests that individuals have more information about their own behaviors (and situational influences on those behaviors) than they do about others. This bias can lead individuals to explain someone else's actions based on their disposition rather than situational factors, which relates to the fundamental attribution error. Meanwhile, trait theory focuses on identifying and measuring individual personality characteristics that are thought to be relatively stable over time and across different situations.