Final answer:
The study of individual change and stability in intelligence springs from debates initiated by Arthur Jensen's work in 1969, further shaped by the development of intelligence testing by Alfred Binet and Louis Terman, and the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence by Cattell.
Step-by-step explanation:
The study that focused on individual change and stability in intelligence is rooted in the discussions initiated by Arthur Jensen's controversial research. In 1969, Jensen suggested that IQ is largely determined by genetics and that intelligence can be divided into two main types: Level I (rote memorization) and Level II (conceptual and analytical abilities). This sparked significant debate, notably concerning the racial biases present in his findings, with researchers like Robert Williams critiquing his work. Another seminal work in intelligence research is the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence by Raymond Cattell, which distinguishes between the ability to think logically and solve new problems (fluid intelligence) and the accumulation of knowledge from past experiences (crystallized intelligence).
Additionally, the history of intelligence testing has its roots in the work of Sir Francis Galton and was further developed by Alfred Binet, whose tests formed the basis for modern IQ testing. Louis Terman adapted Binet's work in America, leading to the development of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales. Terman's long-term study of gifted individuals also significantly contributed to our understanding of intelligence change and stability over a person's lifetime.