Final answer:
The pupillary light reflex tests optic and oculomotor nerve function by observing pupil constriction when light is shone in the eyes. An abnormal response may indicate damage to these nerves. The accommodation-convergence reflex involves eye movements and focus adjustments as objects move closer to the face.
Step-by-step explanation:
The pupillary light reflex and accommodation-convergence reflex are essential components of an eye examination that assess the integrity of the optic and oculomotor nerves. When light is shined in one eye, it should cause both pupils to constrict; this is the direct reflex for the eye being tested and the consensual reflex for the other eye. If light shined in the right eye only causes the left pupil to constrict, it indicates that the direct reflex is lost while the consensual reflex is intact, suggesting damage to the right oculomotor nerve or the Edinger-Westphal nucleus. On the other hand, if shining light in the left eye leads to constriction only in the left pupil, it implies that the consensual reflex is lost, indicating possible damage to the right oculomotor connections. Moreover, the testing of accommodation and convergence involves the coordination of skeletal and smooth muscles to focus on near objects, which can require corrective lenses as part of the aging process.