Final answer:
Effortful processing requires conscious attention and is utilized when actively trying to memorize and learn new information.
Step-by-step explanation:
Effortful processing can occur only with B) conscious attention. This involves actively working to commit information into memory and requires focus and mental energy.
Effortful processing is distinct from automatic processing, which occurs without conscious awareness, such as remembering what you had for lunch. In contrast, learning new material, such as studying for a test, is an example of effortful processing—requiring the individual to pay close attention and engage in activities like repetition, elaboration, and the use of mnemonic devices to facilitate encoding of information into long-term memory. Strategies like chunking (organizing information into manageable units) and the creation of mnemonic devices can enhance effortful processing, making it more efficient.
Encoding is the initial learning of information; storage refers to maintaining information over time; retrieval is the ability to access information when you need it. Among these stages, effortful processing is involved primarily in the encoding phase but can also influence storage and retrieval by strengthening memory traces and cues.