Final answer:
Slot machines utilize a variable-ratio reinforcement schedule to reward gamblers, which is highly effective in prompting persistent behavior due to its unpredictable nature. It's unlikely that a set number of plays will result in a payout, as the reinforcement is intermittent and based on probability.
Step-by-step explanation:
Understanding Slot Machine Rewards and Reinforcement Schedules
The way slot machines reward gamblers with money exemplifies a variable-ratio reinforcement schedule. This type of schedule is characterized by providing a reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses, making it highly effective at maintaining a high rate of responding. In the case of slot machines, this means that the gambler does not know when the next payout will occur, thereby encouraging continuous play.
To answer the specific questions:
The reinforcement schedule for slot machines is a variable-ratio schedule (Answer: b).
Considering the probability of a slot machine paying out is 0.30, the expected number of plays that will pay back money can be higher than the median, mainly because the payouts do not occur at consistent intervals but are based on a probability distribution.
It is unlikely that exactly eight out of 15 plays would pay out, given the probability of payout is 0.30. This can be illustrated numerically using the binomial probability formula.
The intermittent reinforcement from gambling machines shows how gambling can be addictive and resistant to extinction. Such reinforcement can create a persistent behavior, as gamblers continue to play in the hope of the next big win. The logic is similar to why the child's tantrums continue if indulged sporadically; the occasional reward is enough to sustain the action.
Variable-ratio reinforcement is also seen in other contexts such as advertising, where brands reward consumers sporadically to keep their interest alive.