Final answer:
Persistent exclusion from peer social relationships in adolescents is closely linked to an increased risk of (c) depression due to the importance of peer relationships and social acceptance at this stage of psychosocial development.
Step-by-step explanation:
Persistent exclusion from peer social relationships is most likely to increase teens' risk for depression. Adolescence is a crucial period marked by significant psychosocial changes, where teens develop their personal identity and moral compass. Peer influence and acceptance become paramount, as adolescents are emotionally distancing from their parents and orienting towards socialization within their peer groups.
When teens face persistent social exclusion, it can lead to feelings of loneliness, low self-esteem, and an increased risk of depression. Furthermore, studies suggest that social isolation, such as that experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic, has a strong correlation with adverse mental health outcomes, including depression.