Final answer:
d. all of these answers are correct.
The change influencing family life over the past two centuries, known as demographic transition, includes lower birth rate, longer life expectancy, and movement to urban centers; all factors have played a role in the transformation of familial structures and size.
Step-by-step explanation:
A change that has influenced family life over the past two centuries includes several factors such as lower birth rate, longer life expectancy, and movement to urban centers. Therefore, the correct answer is d. all of these answers are correct.
The phenomenon behind these changes is known as the demographic transition, which is closely associated with the process of industrialization. Improvements in medicine, nutrition, sanitation, and technology during the Industrial Revolution contributed to a significant increase in life expectancy and accelerated urbanization, as people moved to cities in search of work due to mechanization in agriculture.
Furthermore, the economic and social roles of women have evolved. With greater access to education and contraception, as well as shifts in labor practices, women have been able to exercise more control over their reproductive lives, contributing to a lowering of the birth rate. Additionally, economic shifts that discourage having large numbers of children in urban settings have contributed to smaller family sizes. Thus, the demographic transition reflects the shift from high to lower birth and death rates in response to economic and social changes.