Final answer:
Incompatibilism suggests that free will and determinism are mutually exclusive. Hard determinism believes in causal determinism and negates free will, while causal indeterminism allows for uncaused actions that permit free will and moral responsibility.
Step-by-step explanation:
In the realm of philosophy, particularly when discussing the concept of free will, Incompatibilism posits that free will and determinism cannot coexist. Within this framework, there are several distinct positions regarding the nature of determinism and free will.
What is Hard Determinism?
Hard determinism is the belief that causal determinism is true, making genuinely free actions and moral responsibility impossible. It holds that every event or action is a result of preceding events in accordance with the laws of nature, and therefore, our choices are not free.
What is Causal Determinism?
Causal determinism is the idea that every event or state of affairs, including human cognition and behavior, has a cause. Those who advocate for this view believe that the universe operates in a systematic way where each event is an outcome of prior events.
What is Causal Indeterminism?
Causal indeterminism is the counter position to causal determinism and argues that not all events are determined by preceding causes. This viewpoint allows for the possibility of free, uncaused actions for which individuals can be morally responsible, suggesting that some aspects of reality do not follow deterministic principles.