Final answer:
The Protestant Reformation began in northern Europe with Martin Luther leading the movement. Lutheran, Calvinist, and the Church of England are sects that emerged from the Reformation.
Step-by-step explanation:
The Protestant Reformation began in the early 16th century with Martin Luther's objections to certain practices of the Roman Catholic Church. Key figures like Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin further developed reformed theologies. In England, the Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church under Henry VIII's reign. These developments notably resulted in a variety of Protestant branches, such as Lutheran, Calvinist, and Anglican churches, which continue to have a substantial following today.
It is important to note that the Reformation primarily took place in Europe, especially in the Germanic regions, and had profound impacts on the religious, cultural, and political landscapes of the continent. It was not related to the Middle East or the Devshirme System under Suleiman the Magnificent as suggested in option a. Also, the Holy Roman Empire's princes were not uniformly opposed to Luther's teachings, contradicting option c. Option b about the Finns and Russians experiencing the Reformation later is a supplementary fact but does not directly concern the origins and spread of Protestantism that the question aims to address.