Final answer:
The economic theory that advocates for workers taking control of factories is communism, where the state owns and controls the means of production. Hence, the correct answer is option 3.
Step-by-step explanation:
An economic theory that calls for workers to take control of factories is communism. In a communist system, the government owns and controls the means of production. This includes factories, resources, and land. The state sets wages, regulates production, and has control over prices, instead of allowing market forces to dictate such matters. It is a system where the workers, through the state, own the means of production and are the primary beneficiaries of economic activity, in theory working for the collective good of the society.
In contrast, capitalism is an economic system that emphasizes private ownership and the pursuit of profit. Socialism can be considered a middle ground where the means of production are owned communally, but private property still exists and some market elements are retained. Fascism, while an entirely different ideology characterized by nationalism and totalitarianism, does not call for workers to take control of the means of production.