Final answer:
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs and is diagnosed by the presence of specific autoantibodies and symptoms, such as the butterfly rash and joint arthritis.
Step-by-step explanation:
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the immune system's attack on the body's own DNA and proteins, leading to a variety of symptoms and organ dysfunction. The pathology of SLE is associated with type III hypersensitivity reactions, where autoantibodies target nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. More than 95% of patients with SLE have anti-nuclear antibodies (ANAs), and other specific autoantibodies like anti-double-stranded DNA (ds-DNA) and anti-Sm, which are unique to SLE and contribute to its diagnosis.
The symptoms of SLE are diverse and can affect multiple organ systems. These symptoms include psychological fatigue, loss of appetite, a distinctive butterfly rash on the face, muscle aches, joint arthritis, and various others depending on the part of the body affected. Diagnosis of SLE is based on the identification of a combination of symptoms and the presence of specific autoantibodies. While there is no cure for SLE, treatments are available to manage the symptoms and reduce the impact on the patient's quality of life.