Final answer:
The molecule synthesized using triphosphate nucleotides as a substrate for a polymerase enzyme that forms phosphodiester bonds is DNA.
Step-by-step explanation:
The molecule synthesized using triphosphate nucleotides as a substrate for a polymerase enzyme that forms phosphodiester bonds is DNA. DNA synthesis occurs from 5' to 3' direction, with nucleotides being added one-by-one to the growing DNA chain. The formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides creates the sugar-phosphate backbone, which gives DNA its structure.