Final answer:
Fossils in sedimentary rocks can reveal the age of the rock, past climates, and whether the sediment was deposited on land or in water, as well as in fresh or marine environments. However, they cannot tell us the longitude at which the rock was deposited.
Step-by-step explanation:
The question posed is which of the following is not an example of information that fossils can provide about sedimentary rocks. The options you've given include the age of the rock, whether the climate was hot or cold, whether the rock was deposited on land or in water, the longitude at which the rock was deposited, and whether the rock was deposited in fresh water or in the ocean.
Fossils are invaluable for understanding the sedimentary environment in which they were deposited. For example, they can tell us about the age of the rock through biostratigraphic correlation, as different fossil assemblages can indicate the same deposition time for different rock layers. Fossils can also inform us about past climates (‘climatic proxies’), as well as whether the sediment was deposited in a terrestrial or marine environment, which aids in deducing whether the environment was in fresh water or the ocean.
However, fossils cannot provide information about the longitude at which the rock was deposited. Longitude can only be determined at the time of the rock's formation through the use of tools like GPS or by analyzing present-day geographic locations.