Final answer:
In large organizations, IT steering committees can be established to handle the administration of the IT function and segregation of IT duties. Outside consultants can be involved, but not solely responsible, for technology issues. Programmers can assist in investigating security breaches, but a multi-disciplinary approach is necessary. The board of directors should be involved in IT decisions to ensure alignment with business objectives.
Step-by-step explanation:
In large organizations, management may establish IT steering committees to deal with the administration of the IT function and the segregation of IT duties in complex environments. These committees consist of representatives from various departments and help in making decisions related to technology issues. By involving multiple stakeholders in IT decision-making, organizations can ensure accountability and expertise in managing technology-related responsibilities.
Assigning technology issues to outside consultants is a common practice for organizations, but it is not the only solution. These consultants can provide specialized expertise and support, but they should not be solely responsible for handling technology issues, as they might not have a comprehensive understanding of the organization's requirements and objectives.
Programmers can play a role in investigating security breaches, but it should not be their sole responsibility. Security breaches require a multi-disciplinary approach, involving professionals from various IT domains, such as network security, system administration, and incident response.
As for the board of directors, they should be involved in IT decisions, especially in large organizations, as technology has become an integral part of business operations. The board's oversight ensures alignment between IT strategies and overall business objectives.