Final answer:
Umbilical adhesion can occur following laparoscopic surgery, and the risk varies based on the patient's surgical history.
Step-by-step explanation:
Umbilical adhesion refers to the abnormal attachment of the umbilical cord to surrounding organs or tissues, which can occur following laparoscopic surgery. The risk of umbilical adhesion varies depending on the patient's surgical history. In patients with no previous surgery (option a), the risk of umbilical adhesion is low. In patients with previous laparoscopic surgery (option b), there may be an increased risk of adhesion due to scar tissue formation. In patients with previous transverse laparotomy (option c) or midline laparotomy (option d), the risk of adhesion may also be higher due to the surgical incision made in these procedures.