Final answer:
Proactive investigations typically involve vice crimes such as prostitution and illegal gambling, especially in urban areas where they tend to be tacitly tolerated by authorities for financial benefits.
Step-by-step explanation:
Proactive investigations typically involve vice crimes like prostitution and illegal gambling. This approach is often used in areas where illicit activities are tacitly tolerated by authorities in exchange for bribes and fines, contributing to local government revenue, as historically seen in urban neighborhoods.
One example of vice being profitable for urban political machines includes the limited enforcement of prostitution, which not only filled city coffers through collected fines but also maintained a semblance of control over the vice in areas predominantly occupied by racial and ethnic minorities. In contrast, white-collar crimes such as embezzlement, insider trading, and identity theft tend to be associated with corporate crime rather than vice.