Final answer:
Abdominal distension in an intubated patient is most likely caused by gastric insufflation during artificial ventilation, but can also result from serious conditions like peritonitis or ascites due to cirrhosis.
Step-by-step explanation:
When treating an intubated patient who exhibits symptoms of abdominal distension, several causes should be considered. One of the most likely causes is gastric insufflation, which can happen if too much air is pushed into the stomach during artificial ventilation. This can occur if the pressure of the ventilator is too high or if the airway is improperly positioned, causing air to enter the stomach rather than the lungs. Another possible cause is peritonitis, a life-threatening inflammation of the peritoneum often requiring emergency surgery and antibiotic therapy. Additionally, conditions such as ascites, which is fluid retention in the abdominal cavity due to cirrhosis, could also contribute to abdominal distension.
It is also important to assess the patient for signs of deeper respiratory system injuries, such as a spontaneous pneumothorax, which could also be indicated by abdominal distension through associated shifts in the thoracic cavity and diaphragmatic pressure changes. Prompt medical assessment and intervention are crucial in addressing these serious conditions.