Final answer:
The probability of inheriting specific genotypes from a heterozygous cross depends on Mendel's principle of random segregation, resulting in a genotypic ratio of 1:2:1 and a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 for dominant to recessive traits. A Punnett square can be used to predict these outcomes, and probabilities will vary based on different inheritance patterns. option A is the correct answer.
Step-by-step explanation:
The probability of different genotypes that can be inherited by the offspring in genetics can vary depending on the specific cross. Considering a cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa), we apply Mendel's principle of random segregation to determine possible genetic combinations. This leads to a genotypic ratio of 1:2:1, where about 25% offspring would have each of the homozygous genotypes (AA and aa), and 50% would have the heterozygous genotype (Aa).
Additionally, it's crucial to understand the relationship between genotype and phenotype. For dominant and recessive traits, the presence of a dominant allele (A) will mask the expression of a recessive allele (a). Therefore, both AA and Aa genotypes will express the dominant phenotype. When we relate this to Mendelian inheritance patterns, it results in a phenotypic ratio of 3:1 for dominant to recessive traits in the offspring of a heterozygous cross.
Overall, when faced with a Punnett square predicting genotypes for a monohybrid cross of heterozygous individuals, the expected percentages of receiving each genotype would be 25% for AA, 50% for Aa, and 25% for aa.