Final answer:
Peter the Great's westernization reforms created a cultural rift between social classes, weakened traditional Russian culture, and led to issues like urban poverty and poor living conditions. Despite aiming to modernize Russia, these reforms often exacerbated social stratification and failed to address underlying systemic problems. The correct options are b and c.
Step-by-step explanation:
The negative impacts of Peter the Great's westernization reforms include several unintended consequences that shaped Russian society. Firstly, his reforms created a cultural rift between different social classes, exacerbating social stratification as the nobles resisted changes that threatened their privileges, while the serfs remained oppressed and poor. Secondly, the westernization efforts weakened traditional Russian culture and values, leading to conflicts within the society between old and new ideologies.
Additionally, the rush to industrialize brought about problems such as poor living conditions in urban areas, poverty, disease, and disenfranchisement among the workers, mirroring the negative effects seen during the industrialization of Western Europe.
Ultimately, while Peter the Great's reforms aimed at modernizing Russia and improving its economic standing among European nations, they sometimes undermined the stability of existing social structures and failed to alleviate the plight of the lower classes, leaving Russia economically underdeveloped for a time. The push for modernization without the foundational changes needed in Russia's antiquated systems led to persistent social and economic challenges.
Hence, Options b and c are correct.