Final answer:
The fundamental differences lie in Socrates' focus on ethical self-examination, Plato's theory of ideal forms, and Aristotle's emphasis on empirical observation and particulars.
Step-by-step explanation:
The fundamental differences between the philosophies of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are reflective of their individual approaches to understanding the world and the pursuit of knowledge. Socrates, known for his focus on ethical questions and the process of self-examination, famously left behind no writings.
We primarily know about his ideas through the works of his student, Plato. Plato, in turn, created a system of philosophy that included the study of reality and knowledge. He posited the existence of ideal forms or ideas that are more real than the physical world, which he viewed as a mere shadow of these forms.
His most gifted student, Aristotle, challenged his teacher's doctrine by asserting the value of observational data and sense experience in acquiring knowledge. Aristotle emphasized the study of particulars and the concrete details of the world, arguing that without individual instances, there could be no knowledge of the forms.
This translates to the option A: Socrates emphasized self-examination, Plato believed in ideal forms, and Aristotle focused on empirical observation and particulars. These three great philosophers have had a lasting impact, each developing a distinctive approach to comprehending and organizing life through the use of reason.