Final answer:
c. The contribution not made by Western European society in the 19th century was the Exploration of the New World, which occurred earlier. The 19th century did, however, see the rise of industrialization, Enlightenment ideas, and advancements in the arts and literature, alongside imperialism driven by the need for raw materials.
Step-by-step explanation:
The contribution NOT made by Western European society in the 19th century is c) Exploration of the New World. Exploration of the New World was largely completed during the 15th to 17th centuries, during the Age of Discovery, which predates the 19th century. The 19th century was indeed marked by industrialization, Enlightenment ideas, and advancements in art and literature.
Industrialization was one of the most profound contributions of Western Europe in the 19th century. It transformed economies, societies, and the pace of life. The Age of Enlightenment provided a philosophical foundation that fueled revolutionary ideas and shaped the modern world. Significant changes in art and literature occurred during this period, influencing culture and society profoundly.
As for nineteenth-century imperial motives, c) gaining access to raw materials was indeed one of the main motives of imperialism. This was part of a broader context involving the relentless advance of Western industrial, commercial, and military power which began to shape the global landscape.