Final answer:
Islands are often characterized by distinct environmental zones with wet windward and dry leeward sides, varied physical geography from flat landscapes to high mountain reliefs, and unique biodiversity. Economic activities were traditionally based on self-sufficiency, but have evolved to be more dependent on international trade, and cultural landscapes are richly formed by isolation and local traditions.
Step-by-step explanation:
Islands exhibit a range of geographical and environmental characteristics that shape their ecosystems, economies, and human cultural landscapes. One common trait is that they have distinct environmental zones. For example, many islands have wet windward sides and dry leeward sides, creating diverse environments. Physically, islands can vary significantly; some display high mountain relief while others are flat. Tectonic activities result in frequent earthquakes and volcanic events that can greatly impact human and environmental conditions on islands.
Traditionally, islands were economically self-sufficient through fishing and agriculture, but overfishing and modern needs have led to economic changes. Increased reliance on international trade and aid is now more common. Moreover, islands facilitate speciation and biodiversity due to their isolation and unique environmental niches, as outlined in the theory of island biogeography. This theory has significant implications for biodiversity conservation efforts on islands.
Cultural identity on islands is also formed over time through isolation, where local traditions contribute to a rich heritage. In some regions, varied topography and climate conditions result in a diversity of plant and animal life, often unique to each island. Polynesia, for example, shows a spectrum from high volcanic mountains to low-lying coral atolls, impacting the availability of fresh water and thus human settlement.