Final answer:
The adoption of camels for desert transport and the spread of Islam were key technological and cultural changes that facilitated trade in Northern Africa from 1200-1450, increasing the efficiency and reach of Saharan trade routes.
Step-by-step explanation:
One significant way that technological changes facilitated trade in Northern Africa during the period 1200-1450 was through the introduction and use of camels. The adaptation of the camel as a means of transport across the vast Sahara desert revolutionized trade between West Africa and North Africa. Unlike previous pack animals like horses, mules, and donkeys, camels were uniquely suited to the extreme conditions of the desert, having the ability to travel long distances without water. As a result, caravans could carry larger quantities of goods such as gold, ivory, and salt across the Sahara, connecting sub-Saharan Africa to Mediterranean and Middle Eastern markets more efficiently.This increase in trade was further bolstered by the spread of Islam and the consequent unification and expansion of trade networks. Muslim merchants and caravanners shared a common language, law, and customs, strengthening trust and communication across distances. The adoption of Islam not only facilitated trade but also led to better communication and the establishment of credit systems among diverse trading parties involved in caravan ventures through widespread Arabic literacy.In conclusion, the technological change that had the greatest impact on facilitating trade in Northern Africa during 1200-1450 was the adoption of camels for desert trade routes, which led to increased efficiency and volume of trade across the Sahara. The spread of Islam complemented this technological advancement by providing a framework for improved commercial relations.