Final answer:
To determine the upper-tail critical value, consider the significance level (1 - α) and the sample size (n). Use the normal table to find the critical value.
Step-by-step explanation:
The upper-tail critical value refers to the value in the tail of a distribution that separates the critical region from the non-critical region. To determine the upper-tail critical value, we need to consider the significance level (1 - α) and the sample size (n).
For example, in case a, where (1 - α) = 0.95 and n = 21, we can find the critical value from the normal table. The table shows that the probability for 0 to 1.96 is 0.47500, so the probability to the right tail of the critical value 1.96 is 0.5 - 0.475 = 0.025.
In this case, the upper-tail critical value is t = 2.6479 (rounded to four decimal places).