Final answer:
The theme of a novel is defined as the message it conveys about life, society, or humanity, and is different from the plot or characters. It involves the novel's deeper message and is often revealed through conflicts and character development.
Step-by-step explanation:
The theme of a novel is best defined as (c) the message a text conveys about a topic. It is not simply the series of events that occur (plot), nor is it the characters themselves or the conflicts that drive the plot. Instead, the theme is the overarching idea or message that the novel has about life, humanity, society, or other broad aspects of human experience. In a story, the conflict—whether internal or external—often highlights or contributes to the theme by putting characters through situations that reveal larger truths. When analyzing literature, it's important to consider how plot points, character development, and conflicts connect to this main idea to understand the author's intended message or commentary. For instance, in analyzing a theme, one might examine the use of symbolic elements, character changes from the beginning to the end of the narrative, and the resonating statements or 'lessons' implied by the story's resolution. By understanding the interplay between these literary elements and the theme, readers gain insight into what the text is really about—beyond simply the actions that take place on the page. This deepens our appreciation for the literary work and enriches our understanding of its significance.