Final answer:
Collective action problems are less severe in small groups because it's harder for individuals to free ride, easier to monitor behavior, and peer pressure is stronger, making 'All of the above' the correct answer.
Step-by-step explanation:
Collective action problems tend to be less severe in small groups than in larger ones. This is because of several factors that come into play when the groups are smaller. Firstly, it's harder for individuals to free ride on the efforts of others because each member's contribution or lack thereof is more visible. Secondly, the small size of the group makes it easier to monitor each individual's behavior, ensuring that everyone is contributing appropriately. Thirdly, in a small group setting, peer pressure can be a more effective means of ensuring cooperative behavior, as members feel a stronger sense of accountability to their peers. Therefore, the correct answer to the question is d. All of the above, because all these factors contribute to the reduced severity of collective action problems in small groups.