Final answer:
Socrates is known for teaching by asking questions; Plato, his student, wrote dialogues featuring Socratic methods and established a unified philosophical system, and Aristotle, Plato's student, developed foundational systems of logic.
Step-by-step explanation:
The philosopher associated with the idea of teaching by asking questions is Socrates. His student, Plato, highly respected Socrates and wrote works featuring him in dialogues, effectively analyzing the application and utility of logic.
Aristotle, Plato's most gifted student, believed in the importance of empirical research and diverged from his teacher by focusing on the analysis of the material world, even going as far as to establish his own school, the Lyceum, where he emphasized the practical study of the natural world.
Aristotle is renowned for his systematic approach to logic and dialectics, developing a system that is still taught in logic classes today.
Plato's achievement was to establish a comprehensive philosophical system encompassing ethics, epistemology, and nature. This system included the Theory of Forms, which posits that the physical world is a shadow of the true reality, which are immutable ideas and forms.
He established the influential Academy in Athens, a precursor to modern universities, cementing his and his teacher's Socrates' importance in Western philosophy.